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ETHNOLOGICAL  DIRECTIONS 


RELATIVE  TO 


THE   INDIAN   TEIBES    ! 


OF 


THE  UNITED   STATES 


PREPARED  UNDER  DIRECTION  OF  INDIAN  BUREAU 

\ 

BY 

OTIS    T.  IMASON. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE, 
1875. 


ANTHROPOLOGY 


*/>>* 


£.77 


ANTH*: 

PREFACE. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 

OFFICE  OF  INDIAN  AFFAIRS, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  April  3,  1875. 

The  design  of  this  publication  is  to  direct  the  attention  of  the  agents 
of  the  Indian  Bureau  and  of  other  officers  of  the  United  States  Gov 
ernment,  and  also  of  all  other  persons  interested  in  the  subject,  to  those 
objects  and  investigations  which  are  desirable  for  the  purpose  of  repre 
senting  at  the  Centennial  Exposition  the  history  of  culture  among  the 
aborigines  of  America,  including  the  tribes  now  in  existence,  and  those 
which  are  nearly  or  quite  extinct. 

The  materials  to  be  collected  are  of  four  kinds : 

1.  Specimens  now  or  formerly  in  actual  use. 

2.  Models,  in  true  proportion,  of  large  or  immovable  objects. 

3.  Photographs  and  drawings  of  various  kinds. 

4.  Manuscripts  and  descriptions  of  objects,  customs,  institutions  of 
society,  laws,  beliefs,  and  forms  of  worship. 

The  information  sought  by  these  collections  relates  to — 

1.  Tribes  of  men. 

2.  Their  natural  and  social  surroundings. 

3.  The  history  and  condition  of  culture  among  them. 

Before  enumerating  the  articles  and  inquiries  in  detail,  a  few  words 
of  caution  may  not  be  inappropriate. 

1.  Inasmuch  as  it  is  designed  to  present  savage  life  and  condition  in 
all  grades  and  places,  care  should  be  taken  not  to  exclude  specimens 
because  they  are  either  rude  or  homely;  not  to  collect  with  a  view  to 
artistic  effect  merely ;  and  not  to  rely  too  much  on  one's  own  judgment 
as  to  what  things  are  desirable  for  ethnological  study. 

2.  In  describing  implements  or  processes,  the  most  scrupulous  adher 
ence  to  the  truth  is  urged.     Every  collection  should  be  accompanied  by 
a  manuscript  catalogue    having    the    collector's    name  and    address 
attached.     Each  specimen  should  bear,  on  its  surface,  an  ineffaceable 
number ;  and  the  same  number  should  represent  it  in  the  manuscript 
invoice,  and  upon  a  label  firmly  attached  to  the  article.     Opposite  the 
number  in  the  invoice,  as  well  as  upon  the  corresponding  label,  should 
be  written  the  native  and  vulgar  name  of  the  article,  the  locality  and 
tribe,  the  use,  the  date  of  collection,  the  number  of  pieces  belonging  to 
the  entry ;  in  short,  the  full  history  of  the  object  in  as  few  words  as 
possible. 

370 


3.  In  describing  tribes  of  men,  the  name  assumed  by  them,  the  name 
conferred  by  neighboring  tribes,  the  locality,  and  migrations  are  to  be 
noticed. 

Photographs,  £c.,  should  include  front  and  side  face.  Skulls  should 
be  most  carefully  identified,  especially  where  marriage  out  of  the  tribe 
and  slavery  are  practiced.  In  order  to  correct  errors  arising  from 
individual  peculiarities,  as  many  specimens  as  possible  should  be  col 
lected  from  each  tribe. 

4.  In  making  models  of  clothing,  implements,  dwellings,  conveyances, 
&c.,  the  true  proportion  of  parts  should  be  preserved,  their  relation  to 
the  original  stated,  and  appurtenances  in  their  proper  place  should  all 
be  carefully  included.    In  every  case  where  it  is  possible,  the  complete 
dwelling  and  its  furniture  in  model,  the  whole  suit  of  clothing  and 
ornament,  the  boat  full  rigged,  &c.,  should  be  procured. 

5.  The  greatest  possible  care  should  be  observed  in  opening  a  mound 
or  a  cave.     The  explorer  will  often  have  to  do  the  best  he  can  under 
the  circumstances,  but  he  will  do  well  to  observe  the  following  direc 
tions  :    An  accurate  plan  should  be  made,  horizontal  and  vertical,  and 
the  site  should  be  so  identified  by  latitude  and  longitude,  or  otherwise, 
that  one  could  locate  it  on  a  good  map.     A  trench  should  then  be  cut 
from  east  to  west  through  the  mound,  or  from  front  to  rear  through  the 
earth  before  the  cave,  to  determine  the  strata,  &c.    The  earth  should, 
in  both  cases,  be  taken  oft'  in  horizontal  layers,  carefully  examined,  and 
the  contents  of  each  layer  kept  separate.     Inside  of  a  cave,  the  top  soil 
should  be  removed  and  searched.     A  reference-line  should  be  marked 
on  the  walls  of  the  cave,  calcareous  deposits  broken  up,  the  underly 
ing  earth  taken  out  in  blocks  or  layers,  sifted,  and  carefully  described. 
Care  should  be  taken  to  distinguish  between  the  ancient  and  original 
interments  in  caves  and  mounds  and  later  deposits  or  surface-finds. 

6.  The  second  part  of  these  instructions  relates  to  manners,  customs, 
beliefs,  &c.;  in  describing  these  it  is  very  difficult  to  avoid  personal 
interpretations,  and  to  enter  into  the  feelings  of  people  of  a  low  grade 
of  culture ;  but  the  pure  facts  are  so  necessary  that  any  amount  of 
pains  will  be  amply  rewarded  by  the  benefit  which  it  will  confer  on 
science. 

All  contributions  to  the  object  specified  in  this  preface  will  be  duly 
accredited  to  the  collector,  whose  name  will  be  written  plainly  on  the 
permanent  label  of  each  specimen. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  urge  diligence  and  thoroughness  in  the  work. 
The  fact  that  the  monuments  of  the  past  and  the  savage  tribes  of  men 
are  rapidly  disappearing  from  our  continent,  and  that,  ere  another  cen 
tury  will  renew  an  incentive  so  great  and  universal  as  this  Exposition, 
they  will  have  disappeared  forever,  should  be  all  the  stimulus  required 
to  give  to  the  enterprise  the  conscientious  labor  which  it  demands. 


CLASSES    OF    ETHNOLOGICAL    MATERIALS. 

(GIVEN  IN  FULLER  DETAIL  IN  THE  SUBSEQUENT  PARTS.) 


I. 

A.  PHYSICAL  NATURE. 

B.  PATHOLOGICAL  OBJECTS  AND  FACTS. 

C.  PSYCHICAL  PHENOMENA. 

D.  TRIBAL  CONDITION. 

II.  Surroundings  or  environment. 

A.  INORGANIC. 

B.  ORGANIC. 

C.  SOCIAL. 

III.  Culture. 

(l.J  MEANS  OF  SUBSISTENCE.     (ALIMENT.) 

A.  FOOD. 

B.  DRINKS. 

C.  NARCOTICS. 

D.  SAVORS,  FLAVORS,  AND  CONDIMENTS. 

E.  DRUGS  AND  POISONS  NOT  CONNECTED  WITH  SORCERY. 

(2.)  HABITATIONS  AND  OTHER  STRUCTURES,  AND  THEIR 
APPURTENANCES. 

A.  DWELLINGS,  ETC. 

B.  APPURTENANCES. 

C.  FURNITURE. 

(3.)  VESSELS  AND  UTENSILS. 

A.  FOR  HOLDING  WATER,  FOOD,   ETC. 

B.  FOR  PREPARING  FOOD. 

C.  FOR   SERVING  AND   EATING}-  FOOD. 

D.  ORNAMENTAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS. 
(4.)  CLOTHING. 

A.  RAW  MATERIALS. 

B.  PRODUCTS  IN  DIFFERENT  STAGES  OF  MANUFACTURE. 

C.  COMPLETE  SUITS. 

D.  HEAD-CLOTHING. 

E.  BODY-WEAR. 

F.  ARM-  AND   HAND-CLOTHING. 

G.  LEG-  AND  FOOT-CLOTHING. 

H.  PARTS  OF  DRESS. 

I.   RECEPTACLES  FOR  CLOTHING. 


(5.)  ADORNMENT. 

A.  SKIN-ORNAMENTATION  OR  TATTOOING. 

B.  HEAD-ORNAMENTS. 

0.  NECK-ORNAMENTS. 

D.  BREAST-  AND  BODY-ORNAMENTS. 

E.  ORNAMENTS  OF  THE  LIMBS. 

F.  TOILET-ARTICLES. 

G.  OTHER  ORNAMENTS  NOT  CLASSIFIED. 

(6.)  IMPLEMENTS  OF    GENERAL  USE,  OF    WAR  AND    THE 
CHASE,  AND  OF  SPECIAL  CRAFTS. 

(I.)  OF  GENERAL  USE. 

(II.)  OF  WAR  AND  THE  CHASE. 

A.  STRIKING  WEAPONS. 

B.  THROWING  WEAPONS. 

C.  CUTTING  AND  CHOPPING  WEAPONS. 

D.  THRUSTING  WEAPONS. 

E.  PROJECTILE  WEAPONS. 

F.  DEFENSIVE  WEAPONS. 

G.  BESIEGING-CONTRIVANCES,  (MODELS.) 
H.  ARMORIES. 

1.  TROPHIES  AND  STANDARDS. 
K.  OTHERS  NOT  MENTIONED. 

(III.)  IMPLEMENTS  OF  SPECIAL  USE. 

A.  FLINT-  AND  STONE-WORKING. 

B.  FIRE-MAKING  AND  USING. 

C.  BOW-  AND  ARROW-MAKING. 

D.  FISHING. 

E.  HUNTING,  (NOT  WEAPONS.) 

F.  LEATHER-  OR  SKIN-WORKING. 

G.  BUILDERS'  TOOLS. 
H.  POTTERS'  TOOLS. 

I.    MINING  AND  METALLURGY. 

K.  PROCURING  AND  MANUFACTURING  FOOD. 

L.  AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 

M.  BASKET-  AND  WOOD-WORKING. 

N.  MAKING  AND  WORKING  FIBER. 

O.   FOR   NOMADIC   AND   PASTORAL   LIFE. 

P.  SPECIAL  CRAFTS  NOT  ENUMERATED. 

(7.)  MEANS  OF  LOCOMOTION  AND  TRANSPORTATION. 

A.  WATER-TRAVELING. 

B.  ACCESSORIES  TO  WATER-TRAVEL. 

C.  FOOT-TRAVELING. 

D.  LAND-  AND  ICE-CONVEYANCES. 


(8.)  MEASURING  AND  VALUING. 

A.  COUNTING. 

B.  MEASURING. 

C.  VALUING. 

D.  BADGES  OF  DISTINCTION,  MEDALS,  ETC. 

(9.)  WRITING. 

A.  SURFACES. 

B.  IMPLEMENTS. 

0.  PROCESSES  AND  PRODUCTS. 

(10.)  GAMES  AND  PASTIMES. 

A.  GAMBLING-IMPLEMENTS. 

B.  FIELD-SPORTS  AND  FESTIVE  GAMES. 

C.  SPORTS  AND  TOYS  FOR  CHILDREN. 

(11.)  MUSIC. 

A.  BEATING-INSTRUMENTS. 

B.  STRINGED  INSTRUMENTS. 

C.  BLOWING-INSTRUMENTS. 

D.  SCORES. 

(12.)  ART. 

A.  MATERIALS  AND  MODELS. 

B.  WORKS  OF  ART. 

(13.)  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE. 

(14.)  DOMESTIC  LIFE. 

A.  MARRIAGE. 

B.  CHILDREN. 

C.  WOMEN. 

D.  RIGHTS  AND  WRONGS. 

(15.)  SOCIAL  LIFE. 

A.  ORGANIZATION. 

B.  CUSTOMS. 

(16.)  GOVERNMENT,  AND  POLITICAL  ECONOMY. 

A.  ORGANIZATION  OF   CIVIL,  MILITARY,  AND  ECCLESIASTICAL 

AUTHORITIES. 

B.  LAWS,   REGULATIONS,  ETC. 

(17.)  RELIGION. 

A.  OBJECTS  OF  REVERENCE  AND  WORSHIP. 

B.  HOLY  PLACES. 

C.  ORGANIZATION  OF  WORSHIP. 

D.  SACRED  RITES. 

E.  MYTHS. 

F.  BELIEFS. 


PART  I.-LIST  OF  OBJECTS,  PHOTOGRAPHS,  DRAW 
INGS,  AND  MODELS. 


I.  flan. 

Skeletons. 

Skulls  and  other  single  portions  of  the  skeleton. 

Mummies. 

Brains,  skin,  &c.,  in  alcohol. 

Hair. 

Teeth. 

Casts  of  the  face,  breast,  or  limbs. 

Photographs  and  drawings  of  men,  women,  and  children. 

Pathological  specimens  in  alcohol,  &c. 

II.  Surroundings. 

Geological  specimens  to  identify  collections. 

Animal,  vegetable,  and  mineral  remains  found  with  man. 

III.  Culture. 

(1.)  FOOD,  OR  ALIMENT  IN  GENERAL. 

A.  FOOD. 

Dried  meat  of  buffalo  and  other  quadrupeds,  pemmican,  &c. 

Dried  fish,  slugs,  &c. 

Salmon  eggs  and  other  spawn,  dried. 

Fish-oil  and  other  oils  for  food. 

Dried  crickets,  grasshoppers,  and  other  insects  used  for  food. 

•Kamass  and  other  roots,  the  meal  and  bread  made  from  them. 

Bark  and  stems  for  food,  the  preparations  from  them. 

Melons,  berries,  plums,  peaches,  cherries,  &c.,  dried. 

Acorns,  pine-nuts,  almonds,  and  all  other  nuts. 

Cereals,  as  corn,  rice,  buckwheat,  &c. 

Pulse,  mesquite,  screw-beans,  and  their  products. 

Seeds  of  grasses  and  weeds  used  for  food. 

Sugar  and  sirup,  and  fruits  preserved  in  sugar. 

Vegetables  raised  by  the  Indians — potatoes,  onions,  &c. 

Other  preparations  not  mentioned. 

B.  DRINKS. 

Materials  for  infusion,  teas,  &c. 
Those  used  in  beer-making. 
Wine  and  other  fermented  juices. 
Liquors  distilled  by  natives. 


9 

C.  NARCOTICS. 
Tobacco. 
Hemp. 
Narcotic  drinks. 

Other  narcotics  not  mentioned. 

D.  SAVORS,  FLAVORS,  ETC. 
Salt. 

Peppers. 
Clay. 

Aromatic  herbs. 
Spices,  &c. 

E.  DRUGS,  ETC. 

Vegetable  substances  as  medicines. 
Poisons. 

(2.)  HABITATIONS  AND  OTHER  STRUCTURES  IN  MINIA 
TURE,  TOGETHER  WITH  THEIR  APPURTE 
NANCES. 

A.  DWELLING,  (MODELS,  ETC.) 
Shelters. 

Galleries,  yourts,  &:c. 
Huts,  topeks,  &c. 
Tents  and  skin-lodges. 

Tribal  and  communal  dwellings,  pueblos,  &c. 
Inclosures  of  various  kinds. 
Out-buildings,  public  granaries,  and  the  like. 
Public  baths,  dance-  and  sweat-houses. 
Industrial  places  or  structures. 
Arrangement  of  villages. 

Structures  for  observation,  memorial,  defense,  burial,  and  cere 
mony. 

B.  APPURTENANCES  TO  DWELLINGS. 
Doors. 

Fire-places. 

Windows. 

Chimneys. 

Roofs,  tiles,  ladders,  &c. 

Fastenings,  such  as  locks  and  latches. 

Water-tanks. 

Totem-posts. 

Material  for  building. 

C.  FURNITURE  AND  UTENSILS. 
Hammocks,  beds,  bedsteads. 
Bed-coverings. 

Pillows  and  head-rests. 


10 

Cradles  and  pappoose  cases. 

Chairs,  stools,  and  benches. 

Mats,  divans,  &c. 

Matting,  carpet,  and  floor-coverings. 

Racks,  and  other  protections  for  food. 

Tables. 

Hangings,  screens,  and  the  like. 

D.  FURNITURE  OF  CEREMONY. 
Chairs  of  state. 

Furniture  of  the  medicine-lodge. 
Others  not  mentioned. 

E.  MISCELLANEOUS. 
Brooms. 
Fly-brushes. 
Urinals. 

Others  not  mentioned. 

(3.)  VESSELS  AND  OTHER  UTENSILS  OF  HOUSEHOLD  USB, 
EMBEACING  THE  MATERIAL,  THE  NATURAL 
MODEL,  AND  THE  PRODUCT. 

Mineral  material : 

Stone,  (including  soap-stone.) 

Unbaked  clay. 

Porous  pottery. 

Uuglazed  pottery. 

Glazed  pottery. 

Painted  pottery. 

Metallic  material  of  vessels. 

Vegetable  material : 
Caoutchouc. 
Gourds. 
Nuts. 

Reed  tubes. 

Wooden  ware,  roots,  &c. 
Bast. 
Bark. 
Grasses. 
Basket  material. 

Animal  material : 
Skins. 
Entrails. 
Shells. 
Ivory. 
Bone. 


11 


Horn. 
Sinew. 


A.  FOR   HOLDING  AND    CARRYING   WATER,  FOOD,   ETC. 

Bottles,  bladders,  and  funnels. 

Jugs. 

Jars. 

Bowls. 

Gourds. 

Tight  baskets. 

Dug-outs. 

Boxes. 

Mats,  mat-baskets. 

Hampers,  inflexible  baskets,  &c. 

Parflesh  cases. 

Wallets,  or  bags  of  raw  hide,  dressed  skins,  &c. 

Nets  of  various  substances. 

Seed  and  other  baskets  of  special  use. 

Pemmican-cases. 

B.  FOR  PREPARING  FOOD. 

Troughs  and  baskets  for  stone-boiling. 

Trays  for  roasting  seed. 

Pots  of  stone,  clay,  &c. 

Pans. 

Snuff-grinders. 

Spits  and  other  contrivances  for  roasting. 

Bowls  for  mixing  food,  &c. 

Churns  and  dairy- vessels. 

O.   FOR  SERVING  AND  EATING  FOOD,  fiTO. 

Mats  and  bread- trays. 

Mush-bowls. 

Meat-trays. 

Plates  and  dishes. 

Pitchers,  urns,  &c. 

Drinking-vessels. 

Knives,  forks,  chopsticks,  &c. 

Bone-crushers  and  marrow-scoops. 

Spoons,  ladles,  and  dippers. 

Pipes,  pipe-stems,  snuff-cases,  pouches,  &c. 

Stone  tubes. 

Others  not  mentioned. 

D.  ORNAMENTAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS. 
Lamps  and  the  like. 
Ewers  and  basins. 
Vases,  lachrymatories. 


12 

(4.)  CLOTHING  OF  MALE  AND  FEMALE  ADULTS,  AND  OF 
CHILDREN,  AT  DIFFERENT  SEASONS  AND  ON 
DIFFERENT  OCCASIONS. 

A.  RAW  MATERIAL. 

Skins,  raw  hides,  &c. 

Intestines  and  sinews. 

Wool  and  hair. 

Animal  fiber  not  mentioned. 

Grass. 

Bark  and  bast. 

Cotton. 

Hemp. 

Other  vegetable  substances. 

B.  PRODUCTS  IN  DIFFERENT  STAGES  OF  MANUFACTURE. 
'  Dressed  skins  or  furs. 

Leather  tanned  by  different  processes. 

Woolen  »stuffs. 

Silk  stuffs. 

Other  stuffs  of  animal  material. 

Cotton  stuffs. 

Linen  and  hemp  stuffs. 

Grass  and  bark  cloths. 

Felt  of  various  materials. 

Others  not  mentioned. 

C.  SUITS  OF   CLOTHING. 

Of  dignitaries. 

Of  male  adults. 

Of  females. 

Of  children. 

For  special  occasions. 

Of  special  castes  or  crafts. 

Dolls  in  costume,  and  lay  figures. 

D.  HE  AD- CLOTHING. 

Head-cloths,  turbans,  &c. 

Hoods. 

Cowls. 

Caps. 

Hats. 

Masks  and  head-dress  of  ceremony. 

Others  not  mentioned. 

E.  BODY- CLOTHING. 
Clouts  and  cinctures. 
Aprons. 
Breeches. 

Shirts,  smocks,  &c. 


13 

Jackets,  blouses,  parkas. 

Tunics. 

Woman's  under-wear. 

Gowns. 

Mantles,  capes,  and  the  like. 

Shawls. 

Blankets. 

Eobes  of  state  and  ceremony. 

Miscellaneous. 

F.  ARM-CLOTHING. 
Gloves  and  mittens. 
Sleeves. 

Frills. 

G.  LEG-  AND  FOOT-CLOTHING. 

Foot-cloths,  stockings,  &c. 

Sandals. 

Moccasins. 

Shoes. 

Boots. 

Overshoes. 

Leggings. 

Garters. 

Stockings. 

Others  not  mentioned. 

H.  PARTS  OF  DRESS. 
Collars. 

Pockets  and  reticules. 
Needlework,  and  quill-work. 
Lace. 

Frills,  fringes,  pendants,  &c. 
Bead-work,  and  feather-work. 
Fastenings. 
Belts. 
Others  not  mentioned. 

I.  RECEPTACLES  FOR  DRESS. 
Nets. 

Knapsacks,  and  skin-bags. 
Trunks. 
Chests,  &c. 

(5.)  PERSONAL  ADORNMENTS. 
A.  SKIN-ORNAMENTATION. 

Painting  patterns  and  apparatus. 
Tattoos  and  apparatus. 
Scarring  lancets  of  flint,  &c. 


14 

B.  -HEAD-ORNAMENTS. 

Coifs,  hair-braids,  &c. 

Wigs. 

Plumes  and  the  like. 

Hair-pins. 

Tucking- combs. 

Head-bands. 

Ear-rings  and  pendants. 

Cheek-studs,  mouth-pegs,  labrets,  &c. 

Nose-ornaments. 

Teeth  mutilations  and  ornaments. 

Others  not  mentioned. 

C.  NECK-ORNAMENTS. 
Necklaces. 

Brooches  of  stone,  shell,  &c. 

D.  BREAST-  AND  BODY-ORNAMENTS. 

Prehistoric  stone  and  shell  gorgets  (so  called)  of  all  shapes. 

Gorgets  and  ornamental  chains,  &c. 

Nipple-studs. 

Ornamental  sashes,  girdles,  &c. 

E.  ORNAMENTS  OF  THE  LIMBS.. 
Armlets. 

Bracelets. 
Finger-rings. 
Anklets,  &c. 

F.  TOILET -ARTICLES. 
Cosmetics. 

Pomades,  &c.,  for  the  hair. 

Soaps  and  substitutes  therefor. 

Combs,  head-scratchers,  &c. 

Brushes. 

Tweezers,  &c.,  for  removing  the  hair  and  the  beard. 

Mirrors. 

Perfumes. 

G.  OTHER  PERSONAL  ORNAMENTS. 
Fans. 

Parasols. 
Shades. 

Artificial  flowers. 
Feather-work. 
Beads,  &c. 


15 


(6.)  IMPLEMENTS  OF  GENERAL  USE,  OF  WAE  AND  THE 
CHASE,  AND  OF  SPECIAL  CRAFTS ;  INCLUDING 
THOSE  FURNISHED  BY  NATURE,  NATURAL  MOD 
ELS,  RAW  MATERIALS,  MANUFACTURED  IMPLE 
MENTS,  BOTH  PREHISTORIC  AND  HISTORIC,  THE 
PROCESS  OF  USING  THEM  AND  THE  PRODUCT 
OF  THEIR  USE,  (IF  NOT  A  FINISHED  OBJECT 
BELONGING  TO  SOME  OTHER  CLASS,)  OF  MIN 
ERAL,  VEGETABLE,  AND  ANIMAL  SUBSTANCES. 

(I.)  FOR  GENERAL  USE. 

Knives  of  different  materials,  styles  of  blade  and  hafting,  and  for 

various  uses. 
Chopper-knives,  or  celts, 
Axes  and  hatchets. 
Adzes  and  wood-scrapers. 
Wedges  and  mauls. 
Chisels,  gouges,  and  the  like. 
Sawing-tools. 
Hammers. 
Drills,  and  perforators,  embracing  awls,  reamers,  hand  and  bow 

drills,  &c. 

Clamps  and  nippers. 
Rasps  and  other  smoothing-tools. 
Whetstones  and  all  other  sharpening-tools. 
Levers  and  other  devices  for  utilizing  mechanical  forces,  and  for 

labor-saving. 
Tool-boards,  boxes,  &c. 

{II. )  WEAPONS  OF  WAR  AND  OF  THE  CHASE. 

A.  STRIKING. 

Clubs  of  various  form  and  material. 
Quarter- staves. 
Slung-shots  and  stone  balls. 
Maces  and  clubs  of  ceremony. 

B.  THROWING-WEAPONS. 
Boomerangs. 

Darting-boards  and  thro  wing-sticks. 

Tbrowing-straps,  (amenta  or  ouneps.) 

Lassos  and  lariats. 

Bolas. 

Slings  and  shots  or  stones. 

Fire-pots. 

Other  thro  wing-contrivances. 


16 

C.  WEAPONS  FOR  CUTTING-  AND  STRIKING. 
Battle-axes,  tomahawks,  and  the  like. 
Sabers  and  sheaths. 

Swords. 

Scythes. 

Obsidian  and  other  serrate  weapons. 

Shark's  tooth  weapons  and  the  like. 

D.  THRUSTING-WEAPONS. 
Lances  and  lance-heads. 
Spears  and  points. 
Harpoons  and  parts. 
Kapiers. 

Dirks  and  daggers. 

E.  PROJECTILE  WEAPONS. 
Blow-tubes,  arrows,  and  outfit. 

Arrows  of  different  styles  of  shaft,  fore-shaft,  feather,  marking, 

head,  and  fastening. 
Arrow-heads. 
Bows  and  quivers. 
Wrist-guards. 
Cross-bows. 
Fire-arms  and  outfit. 
Poison  for  missiles. 

F.  DEFENSIVE  WEAPONS. 
Parryiug-sticks. 
Shields. 

Helmets  and  visors. 

Mail. 

Greaves. 

Fetters. 

Snares  and  pitfalls. 

Stockades,  earth-works,  and  other  fortifications  in  model. 

G.  BESIEGING-  AND  ASSAULTING-CONTRIVANCES. 
H.  ARMORIES. 

I.  TROPHIES  AND  STANDARDS. 
Scalps  and  the  like. 
Skulls. 

Tomahawks  of  ceremony,  and  other  banners  and  standards. 
Trophies  erected  to  commemorate  victories. 

K.  OTHER  WEAPONS  NOT  MENTIONED. 


(III.)  IMPLEMENTS  OF  SPECIAL  USE,  FOR : 

A.  FLINT-  AND  OTHER  STONE-WORKING,  EMBRACING  ALSO  WORK 

ING  IN  IVORY  AND  OTHER  HARD  MATERIALS. 

Quarrying. 

Flaking  by  fire  and  otherwise. 

Chipping. 

Pecking. 

Grinding  and  sharpening. 

Polishing. 

Perforating. 

Carving. 

B.  FIRE-MAKING  AND  UTILIZING. 

Hand-drills  and  fire-sticks. 

Bow- drills. 

Flint  and  steel  or  pyrites. 

Moss,  punk,  and  tinder. 

Tongs,  bellows,  and  other  implements. 

Other  fire-tools  not  mentioned. 

Special  fuels. 

C/  BOW-  AND  ARROW-MAKING-. 

Bow-dressing. 
Bow-string  making. 
Arrow-straightening. 
Arrow-polishing. 
Cement  and  sticks. 

D.  FISHING-IMPLEMENTS  OTHER  THAN  WEAPONS. 
Hooks  and  lines  of  various  materials. 
Whale-catching  apparatus. 

Sinkers,  floats,  poisons,  &c. 

Gigs,  spears,  harpoons,  complete,  and  parts. 

Nets. 

Probes,  ice-breakers,  stools,  skewers,  &c.,  for  seal-fishing. 

Weirs  and  traps  of  every  kind. 

E.  HUNTING-IMPLEMENTS  OTHER  THAN  WEAPONS. 
Traps  and  snares. 

Hooks  for  vermin. 
Nets  of  all  kinds. 
Decoys. 

Snow- goggles  and  visors. 
Models  of  hunting-stockades. 
Others  not  mentioned. 
2i 


18 

F.  LEATHER-WORKING  TOOLS. 
Butchering  and  flaying. 
Scrapers, 

Tanning. 

Leather- working,    crimping,    sewing,    shoemaking.    fringing, 
braiding,  making  babiche,  &c. 

G.  BUILDERS'  TOOLS. 
Tent- making. 
Felling  trees. 
Making  planks. 
Smoothing  wood. 
Hollowing  and  carving  wood. 
Painting. 
Boat-building. 
Brick-making  and  working. 
Stonequarrying  and  working. 
Excavating. 

Snow-  and  ice-working. 

I.  POTTERS'  TOOLS. 
Preparing  the  material. 
Modeling,  working,  ornamenting,  &c. 
Glazing. 
Baking. 

I.  MINING  AND  METALLURGY. 
Sledges  for  breaking  ore. 
Hammers  and  anvil-stones  for  cold  metal. 
Smelting  apparatus. 
Molding  apparatus. 
Smithing  tools. 
Implements  for  gold-  and  silver-working. 

K.  PROCURING  AND  MANUFACTURING  FOOD. 
Root-diggers. 

Gathering-baskets  and  fans. 
Fanuing-trays. 
Pounding-baskets  and  trays. 
Strainers  for  cassava,  &c. 
Mortars  of  wood  and  stone. 
Troughs  of  stone,  &c. 
Slabs. 
Metates. 
Pestles. 


19 

Mailers, 

Rollers. 
Metal  piles. 
Peimnican-mauls. 
Drj'ing-grates,  &c. 
Others  not  mentioned. 

L.  AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 
Picks  and  spades  of  every  form  and  material. 
Shovels. 
Hoes. 
Eakes. 
Plows. 

Harvesting  tools. 
Models  of  granaries. 
Models  of  irrigating  apparatus. 

M.  BASKET-WORKING   AND    WOOD-CARVING,    INCLUDING   THE 

NATURAL  AND  THE  PREPARED  MATERIAL,  THE  STAGES 
OF  MANUFACTURE,  AND  THE  PRODUCT. 

Tools. 

Patterns. 

Ornamentation. 

N.  MAKING  AND  WORKING  FIBER,  EMBRACING  IMPLEMENTS  FOR  : 
Carding  and  hackling. 
Spinning,  and  other. 
Twisting. 
Braiding. 

Knitting  and  netting. 
Felting. 

Weaving  matting,  bark,  and  other  cloths. 
Dyeing. 
Ornamenting. 
Sewing. 
Embroidery  with  porcupine -quills,  beads,  &c. 

O.  NOMADIC  AND  PASTORAL  LIFE. 

Tools  for  marking  cattle. 

Whips. 

Tethers,  halters,  lassos,  lariats,  &c. 

Contrivances  for  breaking  young  animals. 

Other  implements  not  mentioned. 

P.  SPECIAL    CRAFTS   NOT    ENUMERATED,   INCLUDING    THOSE 

WHICH  ARE   PERHAPS  NOT    KNOWN  TO   STUDENTS   UNAC 
QUAINTED   WITH   THE   TRIBES   THEMSELVES. 


20 


(7.)  MEANS  OF  LOCOMOTION  AND  TRANSPORTATION. 

A.  TRAVELING  BY  WATER. 
Floats  and  surf-boards. 
Rafts,  balsas,  &c. 
Dug-outs. 

Hide-boats,  bull- boats,  &c. 

Bark  canoes. 

Kyaks  and  oomiaks,  or  bidarkas  and  bidarras. 

Boats  carved  from  logs  or  built  from  planks. 

Sailing-crafts. 

Models  of  bridges,  ferries,  &c. 

B.  APPURTENANCES  TO  THE  FOREGOING. 
Poles  for  sounding  or  propelling. 
Pushing-sticks. 

Paddles. 

Oars. 

Sails. 

Rudders. 

Anchors. 

Cables  and  tackle. 

Outriggers. 

Cleats  for  various  uses  and  dead-eyes. 

Other  helps  to  navigation  not  mentioned. 

C.  TRAVELING  ON  FOOT. 
Staff  for  mountain-travel. 
Scrip  or  haversack. 
Canteens. 

Carrying-straps,  nets,  yokes,  and  baskets. 
Sedan  for  carrying  travelers. 
Skates,  ice-creepers,  and  the  like. 
Snow-shoes. 

D.  LAND-CONVEYANCES  AND  OTHER  MEANS  OF  LOCOMOTION, 
Pillions  or  pads. 

Saddles  and  their  parts. 

Bridles,  halters,  &c.,  of  all  kinds. 

Packs,  panniers,  &c. 

Horse-shoes,  foot-mufflers,  &c. 

Spurs. 

Whips. 

Harness  for  horses,  dogs,  and  reindeer. 

Trappings,  tassels,  saddle-cloths,  fringes,  &c. 

Wagons  and  whatever  is  used  therefor. 


21 

Sledges,  embracing  all  sliding  vehicles. 

Road-making:  tools,  drawings,  and  models. 

Postal  apparatus  for  sending  messages. 

Means  of  signaling. 

Models  and  drawings  of  public  conveyances,  if  any. 

(8.)  MEASURING  AND  VALUING. 

A.  COUNTING. 
Census-sticks,  beads,  &c. 
Hunting-scores. 

Military  census  by  paintings,  &c. 

B.  MEASURING- APPARATUS. 
Linear  standards. 

Superficial  standards,  land-measuring,  laying  off  grounds,  camps, 

&c. 

Liquid-  and  dry-measures,  for  buying  and  selling. 
Time-pieces,  rude  dials,  calendars,  &c. 

C.  VALUING. 

Wampum  and  other  forms  of  money. 
Obligations,  promises  to  pay. 

D.  BADGES  OF  DISTINCTION. 
Eegalia. 

Medals  or  substitutes  therefor. 
Badges  and  other  decorations. 

(9.)  WRITING. 

A.  SURFACES  FOR  WRITING. 

Kock-surfaces. 

Stone  tablets. 

Bone  and  ivory  plates. 

Clay,  adobe,  &c. 

Terra-cotta. 

Robes,  skins,  &c. 

Leaves,  bark,  blocks  of  wood,  &c. 

Papyrus  or  fitted  bark. 

Paper. 

B.  IMPLEMENTS. 
Graving-tools. 

Brushes  and  paint  for  writing 
Reed  and  other  pens. 
Ink  preparations  and  vessels. 
Seals  and  wax. 


22 

C.  PROCESSES  AND  PRODUCTS. 
Owner- in  arks  on  implements,  clothing,  &c. 

Hunters'  signs  and  other  means  of  giving  notices,  challenges,  &c. 
Clan-marks  on  implements  and  clothing. 
Trade-marks. 
Quipns. 
Pictographs. 
Hieroglyphics. 
Rock-sculptures. 
Others  not  mentioned. 

(10.)  GAMES  AND  PASTIMES. 

A.  GAMBLING-IMPLEMENTS. 
Disks  of  ivory,  wood,  &c.,  with  accompaniments. 
Bundles  of  sticks. 
Pairs  of  bones. 
Dice. 
Checkers. 
Chess. 
Cards. 
Others  not  mentioned. 

B.  GAMES  AND  PASTIMES. 

Masks,  hip-ornaments,  batons,  scalps,  &c.,  for  buffalo  and  other 

dances. 

Hocky-sticks,  with  balls,  rings,  stone  disks,  &c. 
Others  not  mentioned. 

C.  SPORTS  AND  TOYS  FOR  CHILDREN. 

Playthings. 

Dolls. 

Juvenile  implements. 

(11.)  MUSIC. 

A.  INSTRUMENTS  FOR  BEATING. 

Battles. 

Clappers. 

Bells,  sounding-bars,  &c. 

Drums. 

Tambourines. 

Marimba. 

Others  not  mentioned. 

B.  EUBBING   AND   STRINGED    INSTRUMENTS. 

Notched  fiddles. 
Mandolines. 


23 

Banjos. 

Guitars. 

Fiddles. 

Harps. 

Eoliau  harps. 

Others  not  mentioned. 

C.  BLOWING  INSTRUMENTS. 

Whistles. 

Pan-pipes. 

Flutes  and  fifes. 

Nose-flutes. 

Clarionets  and  reed-instruments. 

Horns. 

D.  MUSICAL -SCORE. 

(12.)   ART,   EMBRACING  SPECIMENS   OF   RAW  MATERIAL, 
MODELS,  DESIGNS. 

A.  ART-MATERIALS. 
Carvers'  tools  of  all  kinds. 
Painters'  tools. 
Embossing-tools. 

Clay  and  other  mineral  materials. 
Antlers,  walrus  teeth,  and  animal  substances. 
Nuts,  gourds,  and  vegetable  materials. 
Others  not  mentioned. 

B.  WORKS  OF  ART. 
Drawings. 
Paintings. 

Ceramic  art :  Specimens  of  staining,  painting,  hatching,  molding, 
and  marking  pottery  for  ornament  merely. 

Carvings  and  engravings  in  slate,  jade,  serpentine,  catlinite,  ivory, 
antlers,  bones,  shells,  gourds,  wood,  &c. 

Sculptures. 

Architectural  models. 

Mosaics,  stuccc-work,  &c. 

Cloth  and  leather  embroidery. 

Feather-work,  purely  artistic. 

Bead-work  for  art  purposes. 

Others  not  mentioned. 

(13.)  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE. 

(This  division  will  be  more  accurately  defined  in  Part  II,  where  it 
more  properly  belongs.) 


24 


(14.)    DOMESTIC    LIFE,    EMBRACING    ALL    OBJECTS    CON 
NECTED  WITH  THE  CUSTOMS  AND  KITES  OF: 

A.  MARRIAGE. 
Courtship. 
Betrothal. 
Wedding. 

B.  CHILDREN. 
Accouching. 
Couvade. 

Menstrual  and  parturition  seclusion. 
Deformations  or  circumcision. 
Nursing  and  carrying. 

C.  OTHER  OBJECTS  ILLUSTRATING  DOMESTIC  LIFE. 
(This  subject  is  more  fully  treated  in  Part  II.) 

(15.)  SOCIAL  LIFE. 

Military  customs  and  objects  connected  with  them. 
Objects  connected  with  healing-customs,  such  as  lancets  of  obsi 
dian  and  flint,  other  surgical  instruments. 
Masks  for  the  dead. 
Dead-eyes,  temple-weights,  &c. 
Embalming-materials. 

Models  of  burial-scaffolds,  lodges,  ossuaries,  &c. 
Apparatus  of  professional  arts. 

(16.)  GOVERNMENT  AND  POLITICAL  ECONOMY. 
A.    ORGANIZATION,    INCLUDING    THE    EMBLEMS    AND    IMPLB 

MENTS   OF— 

Civil  authorities. 

Assemblies,  judicial  and  deliberative. 

Public  deliberations. 

Military  organization. 

Scourges. 

Fetters. 

Means  of  torture. 

Means  of  execution. 

Treaties. 

Other  administrative  apparatus. 

(17.)  EELIGION. 

A.  OBJECTS  OF  REVERENCE  AND  IMPLEMENTS  OF  WORSHIP. 
Amulets,  beads,  &c. 
Charms,  fetishes,  &c. 


25 

Medicine-bags. 

Totems. 

Idols. 

Incense. 

Temples.     (Models.) 

Estufas.    (Models.) 

Altars  and  their  furniture. 

Sacrificial  implements,  as  obsidian  knives,  stone  collars,  &c. 

Mounds.     (Models.) 

Implements  of  incantation,  exorcism. 

Bain-making  apparatus. 


PART    II.-ETHNOLOGICAL    INQUIRIES 


In  addition  to  the  information  conveyed  by  ethnological  specimens, 
and  the  reports  which  accompany  them,  there  are  many  phases  of  cul 
ture  which  have  no  corresponding  objects,  but  whose  study  is  absolutely 
necessary  to  a  full  understanding  of  the  subject.  Our  information  con 
cerning  them  must  be  embodied  in  photographs,  drawings,  and  written 
descriptions.  The  same  order  of  inquiry  may  be  followed  as  in  the  first 
part  of  this  publication. 

I.  Jlan. 

A.  PHYSICAL  NATURE. 

Measurement  of  the  body,  head,  limbs,  &c.,  with  reference  to  each 
other  and  to  a  standard. 

Color  of  the  skin,  hair,  eyes,  blushing. 

Test  of  functions,  as  respiration,  circulation. 

Muscular  strength,  characteristics  of  speed,  swimming,  and  climb 
ing,  and  power  of  the  senses. 

Temperature. 

Growth  and  decay. 

Child-bearing,  reproductive  power,  sterility,  puberty,  crosses^ 
heredity. 

Dentition,  loss  of  power,  growing  gray,  longevity. 

B.  PATHOLOGY. 
Diseases. 

Physical  effect  of  diet,  habit,  and  climate. 

Pain  and  healing. 

Abnormalities  and  natural  deformities. 

C.  PSYCHICAL  PHENOMENA. 

Mental  capacity  for  acquiring,  remembering,  perceiving,  general 
izing,  volition. 

Sagacity  in  tracking  game,  following  bees,  and  other  occupations. 
Moral  ideas. 
Emotions  and  passions. 

D.  TRIBAL  PHENOMENA. 

Name. 

Their  own  account  of  their  origin  and  relationships. 
History  of  their  increase,  migrations,  growth,  and  decay. 
Population,  male,  female,  and  children,  and  causes  affecting. 
Invention,  conservatism,  and  progress. 


27 

II.  Surroundings. 

A.  INORGANIC. 

Outline  and  size  of  territory,  elevations,  and  water-systems. 
Geological  environment,  both  stratigraphical  and  economic. 
Climate. 

B.  ORGANIC. 

Variety  and  abundance  of  plants  for  various  uses. 

Varieties  and  abundance  of  animals,  domestic  and  wild,  which 

are  of  any  use. 
Remains  of  plants  and   animals  found   with  relics  of  extinct 

tribes. 

0.  SOCIAL. 
Contact  with  civilized  and  uncivilized  tribes,  and  its  influence. 

III.  Culture. 

(1.)  MEANS  OF  SUBSISTENCE. 

A.  FOOD. 

Methods  of  procuring. 
Division  of  labor  concerning. 
Amount  eaten,  and  frequency  of  eating. 
Eating-customs  and  rites. 

B.  DRINKS. 

Method  of  preparing  decoctions  and  intoxicating  drinks;  occasions 
for  their  use  and  their  effects. 

C.  NARCOTICS. 

Methods  of  using  and  effects. 

E.  MEDICINES,  POISONS,  ETC. 

Preparation  and  administration  of. 

List  of  diseases  sought  to  be  cured,  the  medicine  for  each,  and 
the  effect. 

(2.)  HABITATIONS,  ETC. 

Are  they  permanent  or  movable J? 

Natural  refuge  and  habitations  of  degraded  tribes. 

Location  and  laying  out. 

Labor  of  construction. 

Plans  of  interior  arrangement. 

Structures  at  different  seasons. 

Ancient  structures. 


28 

(3.)  VESSELS  AND  UTENSILS. 

All  information  concerning  them  which  is  not  demanded  under 
the  objects  mentioned  in  Part  I. 

(4,  5,  G,  and  7.)  Having  their  phenomena  nearly  a\l  represented  by 
corresponding  objects,  have  been  sufficiently  noticed  in  the 
first  part. 

(8.)  MEASURING  AND  VALUING. 

A.  COUNTING. 

The  extent  and  character  of  their  numeral  system. 
System  of  notation  if  any  exists. 
Methods  of  calculating. 

B.  MEASURING. 

Linear,  and  other  standards. 

Divisions  of  the  months  and  the  year. 

Names  of  days,  months,  year,  heavenly  bodies,  and  points  of  the 

compass. 
Number  of  generations,  moons,  hunting-seasons,  &c.,  to  which 

memory  or  tradition  runs  back. 

C.  VALUING. 

Means  of  establishing  value,  valuing,  obligations,  liens,  trans 
fers,  &c. 

(9.)  WRITING. 

The  descriptions  which  accompany  the  specimens  will  sufficiently 
illustrate  this  section. 

(10.)  GAMES  AND  PASTIMES. 

A.  GAMBLING. 

The  gambling  of  savages  is  often  accompanied  with  a  great  deal 
of  ceremony  not  connected  with  the  game.  In  describing 
these  games,  state  the  number  of  players,  the  method  of 
playing,  the  process,  and  the  stakes ;  also  the  effect  upon 
morals  of  the  community. 

B.  FIELD-SPORTS  AND  FESTIVE  GAMES. 

Number,  name,  and  significance  of  stated  festivals  and  games. 

The  same  of  games  not  fixed  in  time. 

The  number  of  players  and  the  method  of  playing. 

C.  SPORTS  AND  TOYS  OF  CHILDREN. 

The  extent  to  which  they  are  taught  to  mimic  the  occupations  of 

their  seniors. 
Their  toys  and  games  as  above. 


29 

(11.)  MUSIC. 

The  character  and  frequency  of  their  music,  both  vocal  and  instru 
mental. 

The  persons  who  practice  it. 
The  existence  of  minstrels  or  special  musicians, 
The  occasions,  with  copies  of  the  score  and  melodies,  if  possible. 

(12.)  ART. 

The  classes  of  men  called  artists,  if  there  are  any,  and  are  they 
separate  from  artisans  ? 

The  first  efforts  of  rude  tribes  to  carry  out  art  ideas. 

The  sources  from  which  they  draw  their  models,  mythical,  imag 
inary,  and  natural. 

(13.)  LANGUAGE  AND  LITEKATUBE. 

In  addition  to  as  complete  a  vocabulary  of  the  language  as  possi 
ble,  (see  Smithsonian  Collections,  No.  160,)  it  is  important 
to  state  the  amount  of  their  knowledge  of  their  own  affairs. 

Their  theories  of  natural  phenomena,  as  sunrise  and  sunset,  the 
origin  and  motion  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  thunder  and 
lightning,  wind,  rain,  &c. 

Epic  and  prose  legends,  national  songs,  nonsense  rhymes,  tales 
for  children,  choruses  for  festivals,  &c. 

Historic  tales,  folk-lore,  fables,  riddles,  proverbs,  &c. 

Orations. 

System  of  astrology. 

(14.)  DOMESTIC  LIFE. 

A.  MARRIAGE. 

Including  courtship,  betrothal,  and  wedding  ceremonies. 

Conditions  of  both  parties  as  to  relationship. 

Dowry. 

Polygamy,  rank  of  wives,  &c. 

Polyandry,  or  plurality  of  lawful  husbands. 

Laws  about  marrying  in  and  out  of  the  tribe. 

Sacredness  and  permanency  of  the  marriage. 

B.  CHILDREN. 

Accouching,  couvade,  or  putting  the  husband  to  bed  on  the  birth 

of  a  child  $  seclusion  of  the  mother. 
Naming,  cradling,  deformations,  nursing. 
Child- murder. 
Adoption. 
Education  or  treatment  while  growing  up. 


C.  WOMEN. 

Standing  in  the  family  and  in  society. 

Peculiar  duties. 

Age  of  puberty. 

General  appearance,  growing  old,  &c. 

I).  RIGHTS  AND  WRONGS. 

Chastity,  immoralities,  prostitution,  schoopauism,  sodomy,  &e 

Divorce,  conditions,  and  results. 

Celibacy. 

Inheritance. 

Eights  of  parents  and  guardians. 

(15.)  SOCIAL  LIFE  AND  CUSTOMS. 

A.  ORGANIZATION  OF  SOCIETY. 
Classes  of  men  and  professions. 
Military,  political,  and  religious  castes. 
Secret  orders. 

Slaves. 

B.  CUSTOMS. 
Personal  habits. 

Salutation,  etiquette,  hospitality. 

Eating  and  drinking,  amount,  frequency,  and  customs  of. 

Cannibalism. 

Feasting  and  festivals,  manner  of  observing  and  their  meaning. 

Taboo. 

Sleeping-customs. 

Charities,  &c. 

Initiation  into  manhood,  or  into  the  tribe. 

Social  vices. 

Healing,  bleeding,  extracting  teeth,  amputation,  trepanning,  &c. 

Customs  when  about  to  build  a  house,  to  go  on  a  hunting  or  fish 
ing  expedition,  to  make  a  journey,  to  declare  war,  or  to 
engage  in  any  new  pursuit. 

Treatment  of  captives  and  the  wounded. 

Customs  around  the  dying  and  the  dead. 

Funeral  and  burial  customs. 

Manner  of  disposing  of  the  dead,  by  cremation,  in  coffins,  embalm 
ing,  in  graves,  in  lodges,  on  scaffolds. 

Ossuaries  and  public  cemeteries. 

(16.)  GOVERNMENT  AND  POLITICAL  ECONOMY. 

A.  ORGANIZATION. 

Authorities  in  times  of  peace,  claims  and  treatment  of. 
Assemblies  and  public  deliberations. 


31 

Military  organization,  war-chiefs. 
Authority  of  privileged  classes. 

The  common  people,  what  part  of  them  have  a  voice  in  the  assem 
bly. 

B.  REGULATIONS,  LAWS,  ETC. 
Concerning  labor,  trades,  and  castes. 
Personal  and  communal  possession,  debtors. 
Oaths  and  trials. 
Slavery. 
Inheritance. 

Torture  and  punishment. 
Revenue. 
Census. 

Declaring  and  conducting  war,  truces,  treaties,  &c. 
Commerce,  foreign  and  domestic. 
Succession  to  rank. 
Public  property,  provisions,  and  stock. 

(17.)  RELIGION. 

A.  OBJECTS  OF  REVERENCE  AND  WORSHIP. 
Ancestors. 

Angelic  spirits  and  demons. 

Spirits  of  men,  great  warriors,  &c. 

Sun,  moon,  and  stars. 

Forces  of  nature. 

Generative  powers. 

Inanimate  things,  fetishes,  &c. 

Plants  and  animals,  totems. 

Shamans. 

Gods. 

Idols. 

B.  HOLY  PLACES  AND  OBJECTS,  DESCRIPTIONS  OF. 
Temples,  areas,  mounds,  stone  platforms,  &c. 

Altar-stones,  obsidian  implements,  sacrificial  collars,  and  all  rites 

and  usages  connected  with  sacrificial  worship. 
Incense. 
Sacred  legends,  litanies,  or  laws. 

C.  ECCLESIASTICAL  ORGANIZATION. 
Medicine-men,  rain-makers,  sorcerers,  devotees. 
•Part  taken  by  the  laity  in  religious  ceremonies. 

D.  SACRED  RITES. 

Those  attending  birth,  those  of  the  first   born,  initiation  into 

secret  orders. 
Choosing  a  totem. 


32 

Installation  of  dignitaries. 

Burial. 

Phallic  ceremonies. 

Sacrifice. 

Purification. 

Exorcism,  &c. 

E.  MYTHS. 
Ancestral. 
Angelic. 

Animal  and  plant. 
Folk-lore. 

Soul. 

Hades  and  heaven. 

Heroes  and  first  parents. 

Inanimate  objects. 

Natural  phenomena. 

Miracles. 

Omens. 

Prodigies. 

Monstrous  races. 

Prayer  and  oracles  of  all  kinds. 

Of  heavenly  bodies. 

Death. 

F.  BELIEFS. 

Animism,  or  existence  of  the  soul. 

Transmigration. 

Fetichism. 

Totemism. 

Shamanism. 

Orientation  and  sun-worship. 

Serpent- worship. 

Idolatry. 

Worship  of  a  Great  Spirit. 

Incarnations. 

Pantheism. 

Polytheism. 

Dualism. 

Resurrection  of  the  dead. 

Eetribution. 

Atonement. 

Merit  and  demerit  in  the  sight  of  the  Deity. 

Immortality  of  happiness  and  of  woe. 


I  1  9  1967  DAY  USE 

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